Serial Process
. 3.1k Downloads.AbstractBehavioral research has produced many task-specific cognitive models that do not say much about the underlying information-processing architecture. Such an architecture is badly needed to better understand how cognitive neuroscience can benefit from existing cognitive models. This problem is especially pertinent in the domain of sequential behavior where behavioral research suggests a diversity of cognitive processes, processing modes and representations. Inspired by decades of reaction time (RT) research with the Additive Factors Method, the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm, and the Discrete Sequence Production task, we propose the Cognitive framework for Sequential Motor Behavior (C-SMB). We argue that C-SMB accounts for cognitive models developed for a range of sequential motor tasks (like those proposed by Keele et al., Psychological Review, 110(2), 316–339,; Rosenbaum et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9(1), 86–102, Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 710-725, Psychological Review, 102, 28–67,; Schmidt, Psychological Review, 82(4), 225–260,; Sternberg et al., Phonetica, 45, 177–197, ). C-SMB postulates that sequence execution can be controlled by a central processor using central-symbolic representations, and also by a motor processor using sequence-specific motor representations.
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On the basis of this framework, we present a classification of the sequence execution strategies that helps researchers to better understand the cognitive and neural underpinnings of serial movement behavior. Cognitive psychological research is said to have started in the 1950s (Miller,; Sanders, ). Its aim is to understand how the brain processes information, that is, how it transforms, reduces, elaborates, stores, recovers, and uses information provided by the senses and how it controls speech and movement (Neisser, ).
This information-processing approach is based on the careful scrutiny of behavioral measures like reaction time (RT), movement time, and accuracy in order to reverse-engineer the underlying processing system. It has roots in applied research in the 1940s, but has turned into a functional analysis of human information processing in its own right (Meyer, Osman, Irwin, & Yantis,; Sanders, ). The information-processing approach addresses Marr’s ( ) well-known algorithmic/representational level. This level of analysis provides a link between Marr’s computational level (asking what problems the system solves and why it does that), and his implementation level (asking how the system is physically and neurally realized). The information-processing approach can be regarded the successor of behaviorism. This approach to psychology has claimed that it is not possible to study mental processes, and that behavioral research should concern itself with the relationship between environment and observable behavior of people and animals (e.g., Bargh & Ferguson,; Skinner, ).Since the 1970s, technological advances have enabled researchers to assess in increasing detail the regional activity in the brain that is associated with information processing using techniques like EEG, PET and fMRI (Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, ). Simultaneously, the availability of increasingly powerful computers has enabled computational modeling of both cognitive and neural processes (Anderson,; Anderson, Bothell, Byrne, Douglass, Lebiere, & Qin,; De Garis, Shuo, Goertzel, & Ruiting,; Goertzel, Lian, Arel, de Garis, & Chen,; Kandel, Markram, Matthews, Yuste, & Koch,; J.
In recent years, research using behavioral, neural, and computational indices of behavior is gradually merging into what has been termed cognitive neuroscience (e.g., Gazzaniga et al., ).A problem we address in the present paper is that cognitive neuroscience research does not benefit as much from cognitive psychological theorizing as it could in that theorizing in these domains is still quite distinct (Forstmann, Wagenmakers, Eichele, Brown, & Serences,; for interesting exceptions, see e.g. Anderson et al.,; Zylberberg, Dehaene, Roelfsema, & Sigman, ). One reason is that cognitive psychological research has not yet provided clear theoretical perspectives on the underlying cognitive processing architecture. Instead, most cognitive models are developed for a particular experimental paradigm without making clear how the proposed cognitive processes relate to those proposed by other cognitive models (for a classic and still valid critique; see Newell, ). As a consequence, the number of models accounting for human behavior continues to proliferate to the point that some models are simply forgotten over time (see, e.g., Abernethy & Sparrow, ). In the present article, we deal with this problem by addressing communalities across three information processing models. Two of these models are based on classic research methods, the Additive Factors Method (Sanders, ) and the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm (Pashler, ).
The third is a cognitive model of sequential motor behavior, the Dual Processor Model, that has been proposed by the first author of the present article (Verwey, ). On the basis of these models, we propose a framework called the Cognitive framework for Sequential Motor Behavior (C-SMB).
This framework is argued to describe information processing in many tasks, including the execution of sequential movements.We then use our framework to focus on the problem in motor behavior research that researchers sometimes do not seem to realize that the same movement sequences can be executed with different processing strategies. This relates to the idea that, while not always acknowledged in the cognitive and movement science research communities, producing movement sequences is a cognitive task that also relies on central and perceptual processes (Rosenbaum,; Rosenbaum, Chapman, Coelho, Gong, & Studenka, ). The various strategies to produce movement sequences do not only differ across participants, but even individual participants appear to sometimes switch between execution strategies (e.g., following an error; Jentzsch & Dudschig,; Notebaert et al., ).
Serial Processing Definition
We address this problem by proposing a classification of sequencing strategies that can be used as a tool to design serial movement studies and to interpret the results of these studies. The Dual Processor ModelWe start off with an introduction of the Dual Processor Model because this model stands at the basis of the proposed processing framework (Verwey,; for reviews, see Abrahamse, Ruitenberg, De Kleine, & Verwey,; Rhodes, Bullock, Verwey, Averbeck, & Page, ).
Automatic Processing
The Dual Processor Model is based on research with the Discrete Sequence Production (DSP) task. This task is characterized by sequence elements that take very little time to produce, namely key presses. Using such fast and simple movements allows reaction times to reflect the responsible cognitive processes that may remain concealed with other sequential movement tasks (Rhodes et al., ). Furthermore, the high execution rates reached with this task make it likely that execution is based on a single strategy that outperforms other ones.
At the input level three separate perceptual processors exist for the visual, auditory and proprioceptive modalities (Fig. At the output level, there are two separate motor processors, one for the hand/foot modality and one for the speech modality (Pashler & Christian,; Tattersall & Broadbent, ). In between the perceptual and motor processors there is a single central processor. Unlike the perceptual and motor processors, the central processor is versatile and may not always behave as a single unit (Fodor,; Uttal, ). In a Discrete Sequence Production task context, this central processor is responsible for preparing and initiating both unfamiliar and familiar movement sequences, but it can also trigger individual movements of a familiar sequence, identify tones, and increment a counter in memory (Verwey et al., ). The central processor is assumed to also perform executive control functions like setting task goals, preparing the relevant perceptual and motor processors, and keeping central processes active. So, the central processor makes extensive use of short-term memory, loads the motor buffer, and is responsible for a variety of additional processes.
Figure presents the Additive Factors Model for choice reaction time tasks with seven processing stages (Sanders, ). It postulates that producing a response movement involves the retrieval from long-term memory of an abstract motor program at the response selection stage. This is followed by motor programming/ parameter specification, by loading the resulting motor program into a buffer during program loading/unpacking, and then by making some final motor adjustments (cf. Lien et al.,; Rosenbaum, ).
. Weld assistant 6 keygen download windows 10. 700 Downloads.AbstractDue to the significant research effort devoted to discovering whether certain psychological processes are serial or parallel, it seems important to establish the degree to which such processes are identifiable and to investigate possible ways in which such knowledge can improve our experiments. General definitions of parallel and serial systems are given, followed by a qualitative summary of identifiability results obtained with special classes of exponential systems. Some of these results are applied to a current experimental paradigm, and possible. Stochastic representations of parallel and serial processes.
Paper presented at Mathematical Psychologists Conference, Indiana University, 1969. OrTOWNSEND, J. A result concerning the testability of parallel and serial processes. Paper presented at Mathematical Psychologists Conference, Indiana University, 1970.
OrTOWNSEND, J. Some results concerning the identifiability of parallel and serial processes.
British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, in press.Copyright information.